Radio echo moving target indicator



H. GRAYSON ET AL RADIO ECHO MOVING TARGET INDICATOR Fb. I9, 1952 3 Sheets-Sheet l Filed Aug. 5, 1947 [nue/:fors H. Graysony D, E. Bmwn -H Altar/1e y at; 24M

Feb. 19, 1952 H. GRAYSON EAL 2,586,028

RADIOy ECHO MOVING TARGET INDICATOR Filed Aug. 5, 1947 hee'ts-Sheet 2 2O l2 v @Lm- M 4 FIG. F 2 2' 3?.

v 26 29 3Q :5| zSL RF. EC Al-' 2g; FILT. 24 28 L o. 27 l 2O 22 EL nA. Moo.

,34 D 2 2| RF Mud-Tjv C '-v v 3o 26 I 29 a 25% RF. l. F. 2N Flu'. J

AMR EC- .AMR ET. 24 4 28 27 L O' 33 32 361-.- T. x.

FIG. F 3 |.F. 42 Mlx. Osc

Lo. 4| Ff' 45 46 38 RF FC LE 2 FILT.

AMP AMB Et. 3";5 40 3744 48 Y FIG. D 3 n 42 M|x. 43 Y 4 I@ u. Gmmsou l n.enoum 44 45 3.8L R-FY FC LF. 2Mo FILT. Invervrvrs f lsf/ M 39 4Q 4 46 Afforney Feb. 19, 1952 H. GRAYsoN ET AL 2,586,028

RADIO ECHO MOVING TARGET INDICATOR Filed Aug. 5, 1 947 5 sheets-sheet 5 SO 5| 52 T.X. Moo. F|G- F4 '5s lsa 59 60 53% RF. LE 2N FILT. U

AMP. WX AMP. j 54 MJF-S6 5C l S2 MOD. 1 FIG D4 T. x'. GATE Mix. Bum-@ 4 A l L FIG.

' Y 73 L.O.

64 n. Gamm Y ARME?? MIX. gp "mM- lzengm T Invenfor Y' Attorney yiatented Feb. 19, i952 assenza Y mmoeoiio MOVING 'mimmimmcuoa HarryGraysonllongsight, Manchester! midpenia Ed'v'vinyjlrovvn, Chilton, near D'idcot, England' Application August, 1947, Serial No. 766,309-

In Great Britain February 28,1945

Section 1, Public yLaw 69,11 August 8, 19.45.

Patent expires yFebruary'28, 19,65.

ThisA invention relates to radio-location systems in which a pulsed radio-frequency exploringk Wave is radiated by a transmitter and the echo Apulses Afrom a distant object are caused to operate aY suitable receiving device to provide information as to the presence of and preferably the range andf/or bearing of such distant object fromA the receiving station.

Inarrangements of the above'kind, difiiculty is experienced in dealing with echo signals which are Weak in intensity, -inthe presence. of other interfering signals which are unrelated to the-object -Which it is desired to detect.

' A major source of interferingy signal is that dueto, echo returns from'fixed-objects such as buildings, cliffs, mountains and similarobjects lying within the exploration eld of -tlie apparatus. The comparatively large size of such fixedobjects With relation to the object being` sought, efg. an aircraft, frequently results in the presence oi iixed-object echoes, known in the-art as permanent echoes or cl-utter, oi such intensity and disposition Within the `exploration eld of the apparatus as to render the latter blind over certain areas. In mountainousl country-,the severity ofY such permanent echoes may besuch as to render the apparatus virtually useless.

As a means of combating the above difficulties due to clutten advantage can be taken of the known Doppler eiiect by which the echo signal returned from any object having movement which includes a ccin-ponen-t of1v radial velocity With respect to .i the receiving. point is changed in frequencyv fromgthat of the original exploring wave by an amount depending upon the transf'.

mitting frequency used and the radial velocity. Since serious clutter normally emanates from objects-which possess little or no radial velocity, a usefulV distinction. is provided.

By mixing, in the receiver, the echo signal from such amoving object with a clutter sign al at the same range'a beat-frequency kcomponent can be lresolved and; by a process of lter-ing',` this beat frequency'component, can be utilised to provide Yeither an audio or visual response, the numerical `value of the beat-frequency being indicative of the radial speed of the moving object vunder observation.

Such arrangements possess the disadvantage of requiringa fixed clutter echo at the same range as the moving-object before application of the technique is possible. In addition, as directional reception is normally an essential feature of radio-location systemsLsuch fixed object Amust also befofffsupstantiauy the same directional bearing 55 afpulse transmitter, miga ,summe circuit eier 7 claims... (o1. 34a- 12m as the moving `object.r `his restrictsV the utility oie-the system andnecessitates'a change i CD erating technique Qn transition from,` a clutter Search area-jtdone-notobstructed' by clutter anfdlvice-versa; a procedure which may prove; irripraclticable operationally lfurthermore,v the widelyvarying-intensity of the echoes -returnedA from: fixed 'ebjects of different characters fis`v not conduive .to eiiicient operation in the 'miiir''g stages Qf the receiver. by 'which therDoiDlri heat-is Tessili/ed i' The object of@ the Aprg-)sent invention4 isto provide avradio-loation' system employing sltpulsferil exploringbearn in `tv lnich the detection ofi-meting objects yby use of theflj3 cppler" 'effect vis possiblej Without the need for a -xed Uvc'zlut'ter` echo'.

Thisis achieved according v to the nlcjrb'ad' 'aspect of the presen-tinventiori by miXingsome 'r 'all of' the received echo signa-ls; 'or signalsderive'd from the echo Ysign-ais,- `with asi-litable "referenceosciliation generated locally lto the-radio-'location apparatus and adaptedv to perform'the'inctin offthe clutter signalsy of the 'previouslyd scribed arrangements." Ttierejarefa number cf methods by'which such refer-encey oscillationinayl be provided and/0r employed, the necessary'- conditions forYV successflfilv operation being-50i) the maintenance -ofyi'a chosenV phase-relationship 'beftweensueli"referencey oscillation and he Yoscillation offthe related exploring pulse, asfmea'sured ata pre-deteri'nined tiii-'ie-instantY` duringth' ra-f diation period-'of the latter, and-Kb) thepr'sistencel of`v lsuchY reference oscilla-tion foi-Y a? e period after the related exploring pulsefl 'gl enoughtopermit vits application Vtoffthe4 receiver circuit dur-ing the" receptiii o'ffthei returnedho signal; I-n-one arrangement according to the inventio the exploring pulsesare generated 'byfperiodic amplification of `an `'oscillatio'n derivedj-frorf a source which yalso providesg'either 'diieg'z-tl/v or after suitable frequencychangiiig, the-fneees'sary reference osc-zillation'forv mixing vvith`-`t- A ceived'eclio signals Within-r thef-receiver Vcir uit; Such common source mayoprateccntin ously throughout ithe time peri'ed covering afpl v ofA exploring pulses'or -a-ltfernativelyitm mi erate intermittently, commencing' prior t h exploring pulse and ceasing before the y initiation` of the exploring pulse brit per `stringA 'longI` enough to permit its ccincirIeiice with the returned; echo signals, y V Y In. a Second arrangement according.' t@ the invention :the explorlflgfpulses4 arfprvided 5t assenze ment of which is injected an oscillation derived from a source which also provides, either directly' or after suitable frequency changing, the necessary reference oscillation for mixing with the received echo signals within the receiver circuit. By vitrue of such injection, which may be made continuously or intermittently at instants coincident with the commencement of the pulse modulations applied to the said transmitter, the latter may be caused to commence each pulse oscillation in-phase with the injected oscillation.

In a third arrangement according to the invention the exploring pulses are providedby any suitable form of pulse transmitter and the pulse oscillations therefrom are arranged, either directly r after frequency changing, momentarily to lock the phase of a local oscillation source which provides, either directly or after suitable frequency changing, the necessary reference oscillation for use in the receiver. By suitable limitation of the time-portion of the exploring pulse oscillation, e. g., the commencement or the termination, which is applied to the local oscillation source, so the latter may be phase-locked to any desired point, e, g., the commencement or the termination, of each exploring pulse. Normally it is satisfactory to phase-lock the local source to the termination or trailing edge of each pulse and this may be effected in the simplest manner by feeding the exploring pulse as a whole to the local oscillation source.

' The local oscillation source above referred t0 need not operate at the oscillation frequency of the exploring pulses. It may operate at a different frequency and the necessary frequency changing effected by suitable known means. Furthermore it is not essential that the phaserelationship between the exploring pulse oscillation and the local reference oscillation at the chosen instant of locking should be one of precise in-phase. Any convenient but constant relationship may be used, e. g. in antiphase or in quadrature.

The mixing of the echo signals and the reference oscillation may be effected at the fundamental frequency of transmission and reception or after frequency-changing, for instance, at the intermediate frequency of a superheterodyne receiver. Demodulation may be effected by the homodyne method and the reference oscillation used as the homodyne reference oscillation. v Y

In order that the nature of the invention may bemore readily understood a number of embodiments thereof will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

VFigure l comprises a series of diagrams (a)- (h) serving to illustrate the nature and applications of the present invention.

Figures F2, D2, F3, D3, F4, D4 and 5 are block diagrams of alternative arrangements according to the invention.

Figures 6a, 6b and 6c show various circuit arrangements for effecting demodulation by the homodyne method in accordance with the invention.

I he process by which Doppler beat components are obtained by the known arrangements previously referred to will first be described with reference to diagrams (cw-(d) of Figure 1. Before proceeding however it must be emphasized that, in view of the'wide diversity of both frequency and amplitudes of the various oscillations which are represented in the diagrams of Figure 1, such diagrams are not to scale. For eX- ample, where an R. F. pulse or wave is represented there will, in practice, be a very much larger number of oscillation cycles present than the number shown while the relative time spacing between successive pulses will likewise be much greater, measured in cycles of the transmitted oscillations, than as shown. Similar considerations apply to the relative amplitudes of the various oscillations.

Diagram (a) represents, when taken as a whole, a continuous oscillation such as the radiated carrierwave of a C. W. transmitting station while diagram (b) represents, again when taken as a whole, a much weaker but otherwise similar counterpart oscillation as might be received at a suitable receiving point after reflection or re-radiation by a fixed object lying within the operational elds of both transmitter and receiver. The arrival instant t of the commencement of the reflected oscillation at the receiving point is delayed after the instant of commencement a: of the original oscillation of diagram (a) by a time-interval r which is determined by the path length from transmitter to object and from the latter to receiver. When, as is normally the'case with radio-location apparatus, the transmitter and receiver are spaced a negligible distance apart, this time-in-` terval is directly proportional to the range of the reflecting object. Time-intervals such as that shown at r will accordingly be referred to 'hereinafter as ranges Diagram (c) represents, again when taken as a whole, a further counterpart oscillation similar to that of diagram (b) but arriving, in this instance, from an object which is moving away from the common transmitting and receiving point. In consequence of the radial velocity component possessed by such moving object the frequency of the returned oscillation will be changed from i. e.. lower than, that of the originating oscillation of diagram (a) due to the known Doppler effect. The amount of such frequency change is given by the formula:

where fd=frequency change in c. p. s. fo=transmission frequency in c. p. s.

V=radial velocity in .stsmuar c=velocity of E. M. waves um e' g' metres/sec.

As an example of the values encountered in practice, if the radial velocity component is M. P. H. and the fundamental transmission frequency is 200 mc./s., the Doppler frequency change will amount to 108 c. p. s.

If now the two received oscillations of diagrams (b) and (c) are mixed within the receiver circuits in known manner they will produce a resultant, shown in diagram (d) having a modulation envelope which contains a beat component oscillation at the difference between the two echo frequencies i. e. at the Doppler frequency change value. This is shown in diagram (d) where the resultant waveform is seen to vary in amplitude against time according to the beat frequency envelope o. If such Dopplerbeat frequency is extracted, such as by rectifying and filtering, it may be used as an indication of the presence of an object exhibiting radial when thel moving object istravelling .towards .the

transmitting/receiving point, vthe Vamount of fret quency change being thesamebut caused, in this instance, byincrease in the frequency of the. received oscillation.

I f now-the case of pulse. modulated transmission', as commonly used inradio'location, .be considered-,pit Will be found'that precisely sim.- ilarconsiderations-will apply. This is illustrated in the-same diagrams (al to` (df) by the full-line portions ofl the various oscillations. Each radiated pirlse pof diagram la) `willproduce a returnedecho gir-ointhe fixedobject, see` diagram (17)', after similar f rangeintervals r while the moving object will give rise yto tur-ther echoes gl of-v changed frequencyv as before. and after progressively increasing range intervals vr, rl andrz as shown `in diagram (c). As will be seen from diagram V(d) -the Aresultant pulse-form signa-ls As obtained af-ter mixing carry, from pulse to pulse, a beat-frequency modulation envelope o' as before. Provided observation of the resultantoutput is extended over a su'icient numberof pulses, an outputr at the Doppler-beati frequency may be resolved as before.`

'ItY-will be noted that the above described pulse operation, which corresponds to the known clutten-*combating system previously referred to, requires'for its operation the existence within the explora-tion heldj of -tl'ie apparatus of a fixed obj ect capable ofproviding an cho at a range which coincides with or overlaps that of the moving objectl which' it is-desired to detect. This requirement has the limitations. and disadvantages already referred to.

The present invention resides in providing a locally generated reference oscillation which serves as a substitute for the fixed object or clutter echo. Examination o f such fixed object echo as shown in diagram (b) discloses that it always possesses axedphase-relationship with the'exploring-'pulse to which it is related. This is', V(if-'course'dictated by the unaltering value of the Ypath-distance from Vtrans'mitter'to object and thence back to receiver.

One manner ofproviding such a reference oscillation may be describe-d with reference to diagram (a). If, byl a process of periodic amplification of a continuous sine-wave oscillation su-ch 'as-that shown by the dotted line waveform` m, a series of pulses is formed, 'each of such pulses will be rigidly phase-locked to their parent oscillation m. Acounter-part .of the latter may therefore vbe used in the receiver instead of a xed object echo to produce a Doppler-beat component as already described- Wth such an arrangement. the various exploring pulses will be 00.- he-rentf in phase, that is to say, each train of oscillations forming a p ulse will be a section of a continuous sine-wave at the frequency-of transmission. .The individual pulse trainsmay or may notfbeidentical with .one another.

Instead., 5 operating continuously. the parent sine. Wave oscillation from Whihths, exploring pulses are derived maybe suppressed between pulses,A e. g. in the intervals in diagram (a). Provided such suppression is delayed until after the longest range periodo at which itis desired to detectv Dopplenbeating, operation will be as be.

fore but in this. instance. the. yarious-.v exploring.`

pulses will not necessarily be Afcolierent.--irnphaseas .above described. f

In a further arrangement the pulseslpgofxdiaf. gram (a) are generatedV in the normal .way by any Suitable form of pulse transmitter, v,into-a;

suitable .circuit element of which, however,

fed a. component .of .a local oscillation suchas that.

shown at m in diagram (a). Asuita'ble injection point is .the main .oscillatory c ircuitof; the 12.11.1.58 oscillator and as a result of'such injecton,.;llh. pulses p will build up according to the phase o f; theoscillation m. rather than at: random as would otherwise be the case. There will in consequentie'. be. the .desired constant phase relationship be:

tween they exploring pulse oscillationsY andthe-1.

local oscillation whereby the latter may. be' used' as a reference source asbefore. II.1--.thls.ain.r stance also, the local oscillation source mayjbecontinuously running or of intermittent character. as before. In. neither case, however, will the .exe ploring pulses necessarily be coherent in phase as previously. dened. Although. coherencer wouldv appear. to be imparted when a continuously 9px ther alternative such pullinglf-.may beallowed,

to take. placein which case a combination-ofthe method. just described: and ay thirdmetho about to bedescribed results in which the transmitter having been started inthe correct phase by the local source then proceeds to lockthe phase of the local source. Y

A. further method of obtaining the desired reference oscillation is to arrange for the ex- Y ploring pulses to effect phase-locking of aV locall oscillation, source which is subsequently used. as a reference source forbeating with the returned echo signals. Diagram. (e) illustrates a series ofpulses. pl as provided by a normal pulsed trans: mitter. AIt `will be noted. that these pulses are non-coherent, i. e., they bear a random phaserelationship to one another. By using a suitable. portion of: each pulse pl to controlthe oscillatory circuit-cfa local oscillation source, the latter can bemade. to supply -a.reference oscillation which is locked in phase to the exploring pulse oscillation. reference oscillation locked in phase to the trailing edge of each pulse pl- This local oscillation source may be arranged to .operate intermittently; as shown or may run continuously, being periodi. cally re-phased by the exploring pulses as the.y latter are radiated. Diagrams .(g) and (hl illus.

trailing .edge .of each pulse, it is possible, by the.

uselofv suitable. gating circuits toapplyfotheu As an example, diagram (f) shows the 7` selected instants such as the commencement or the mid-period of the exploring pulse trains to the local source. This may be desirable in some instances where the frequency stability of the decay period of the exploring pulses is found to be inferior.

In the arrangements so far described it has been assumed that the locally. generated reference oscillation is provided at the same frequency as that of the exploring pulses or the resultant intermediate-frequency after frequency conversion in the radio location receiving apparatus.

This will normally be the case within the limits of practicable circuit stability 'but is by no means essential. The use of a reference oscillation operating at a frequency which differs from that of transmission, or that of the related receiver intermediate-frequency after frequency conversion, results in a change of the resultant Doppler-beat and in the appearance of a rnodulation inside the rectieol pulse envelope of echo signals returned from fixed objects. As normally the difference between the transmitter frequency or its related receiver intermediate-frequency and the reference oscillation frequency is kept quite small this latter effect introduces only a small apparent distortion of the pulse shape and is not troublesome.

Thev development of the above described amplitude/time variation referred to as a Dopplerbeat modulation envelope may alternatively be regarded as arising from the change of phase which takes place between the various pulse signals returned from an object having a radial velocity component, with reference to fixed object echo signals or an equivalent local reference oscillation; this change of phase being due, of course, to the increasing or decreasing path distance travelled' by such moving object echo signals. Hereinafter in this specification, for the purpose of consistency the Doppler-beat method of explanation will be adhered to.

Figure F2 shows .in block schematic form a simple radio-location arrangement for carrying out the Doppler-beat detection system by the first or coherent pulse method described in connection with diagrams (a) to (d) of Figure l. In this figure denotes a power amplifier of known type which serves periodically to amplify the R. F. output of an oscillator 2| under the control of modulating circuits 22 which regulate the application of an. essential power supply, e. g., the H. T. supply, to the power amplifier 20. 'Ihe output pulses from power amplifier 20, which will be coherent in phase with one another are fed to a transmitting aerial 23. 24 denotes the R. F. amplifying stage or stages of a pulse receiver supplied by receiving aerial 25 and feeding a mixer or frequency-converter stage 26 supplied also with a local heterodyne oscillation from source 21. Units 24, 26 and 21 form part of a normal superheterodyne receiver arrangement and provide a normal signal output at the chosen receiver intermediate-frequency in respect to normal input signals, to the I. F. amplier 28. The oscillator 2|, however, is also arranged to supply a reference oscillation at the fundamental frequency of transmission to the mixer stage 26 or to the R. F. amplifying stage 24 or to the aerial circuit for the purpose already described in connection with diagrams (a) and (d) of Figure l and as a result there will be fed to the I. F. amplifier 28 a pulse signal at I. F. having a modulation envelope component at the Doppler-beat frequency whenever an echo signal 8 whose frequency has been changed by Doppler' effect is received by aerial `25. This component will be resolved at the second detector 29 and after further amplification and filtering in unit 3i! may be applied to an audiov device such as ,a

loud-speaker 3| and/or to other indicating means such as a cathode-ray tube or a tuned-reed frequency indicator via lead 32. The signal output from the second detector 29 can be utilized to operate normal display or indicator means through lead 33.

Alternatively the mixing of the reference" os-v cillation with received echo-signals may be effected at the receiver intermediate-frequencyv by the modified arrangement shown in Figure D2.. In this instance the oscillator 2| supplies an out- 1 put to a further mixer stage 34 instead of to the first mixer stage 26. is also supplied with the heterodyne oscillation from the local heterodyne oscillation source 21 whereby an output at the receiver intermediatefrequency is produced which is phase-related in the required manner to the transmitter phasing oscillator 2|. 'I'his reference oscillation output from mixer 34 is then injected either into the second detector 29 or into a stage of the preced-ging I. F. amplifier 28.

The block diagrams of Figures F2 and D2 may,

also be used to illustrate alternative embodiments operating according to the second and/or third methods of deriving the desired reference oscillation previously described. In such arrangement the unit 2i) will comprise an oscillator circuit with, if desired, a suitable power amplifierl stage into which the oscillation ofthe unit 2| is injected to effect phasing of the commencement of cach transmitter pulse and/or be itself phase-locked by the transmitter as the case may be.

as before.

Figure F3 shows an alternative arrangement in which the local oscillation source from which the desired reference oscillation is derived operates at a frequency different from that ofA transmission. In this arrangement 35 denotes a pulse transmitter of suitable known type delivering its. output to transmitting aerial 36 in the form of,

pulses under the control of pulse-modulating circuit 31. A receiving aerial 38 feeds an R. F. amplifier SS which in turn supplies its output to a mixer or frequency converter stage 40 which is provided in known manner with a local heterodyne oscillation source 4| by which the mixer stage can effect frequency changing to I. F. for further amplification in I. F. amplifier stage 44 before final demodulation in stage 45. The local heterodyne oscillation source 4| also supplies a second mixer stage 43 to whichis applied the out put from a stable-frequency oscillator 42 operating at the chosen intermediate-frequency of the receiver. In consequence there is available as an output from mixer stage 43 an oscillation at the fundamental transmission frequency and this is injected into the main oscillatory circuit of the pulse oscillator of the transmitter 35 to effectv phase-locking of each pulse build-up in the manner already described. 'I'his R. F. oscillation out-- put from mixer stage 43 is also applied to the receiver mixer stage 40 where, in consequence of its locked phase-relationship with the transmitted pulses, it serves as a suitable reference oscillation for resolving any Doppler frequency change of received echo signals into a beat frequency component which, after filtering in unit 4B can be,4

This further mixer stage.

The remainder of the arrangement operates .usedtoiprovide amaudidoutput. by; loud-.speaker lorbe fed by. leadetofother. display means.

FigureDB illustratesyet afm-ther. alternative .arrangementin which-the.reference oscillation is appliedat. intermediate-frequency from. the

.stable-frequency. oscillator 42". either directly to the secondidetector.` stage. 45 or toa stage. of vthe .receiving aerial53. supplies an.R..F.ampliiier 54 which, inturn, feeds amixer` stage 55 which is also. supplied with a.locall heterodyne oscillation by unit .56 to effect.. frequency. conversion for further ampliiicationby I..F..ampliiier 58.

The. transmitter U. also. supplies a. portion of itsfR.-F. Aoutput to a.loca1.oscillator. 5.7i. operating .at thesame fundamental. transmission frequency so. as. to. eiiect. momentary phase-,locking thereof during-eachioutgoing pulse.. Thisoscillator 5l in turnsupplies.itsfoutput. for. use asa reference oscillation. to.the..mixer.-stage. 55. or to Aan earlier R. F. amplifier stage whereby any Doppler frequency change in. .the received .-echo. signals may be resolved as before and,..after final. `dernodulaprovide either a visual or an audio indication.

In the above arrangement- .themixing ofthe reference oscillation with the. Doppler frequency-changed signal.. is effected -at 'thefundamental.- frequency to` transmissionand. reception. This is not essential however,. and in. some circumstances may not be .desirable particularly when itis desired to ei ect some. degree. of. limiting of strong signals,.such.as=those. received. from large fixed objects before resolution. of- .thev fDoppler-beat frequency. Figure D4. illustrates an `alternative arrangement by whichlmixing: is .effected at theintermediate-frequency used. In 4thisalternative arrangement the local reference oscillator 5.1: insteadA of supplying'. the.

mixer stage 55 feeds a .further mixer stage 6l -towhich is alsoapplied a-partof. the. output from the/-localzheterodyne.oscillator 5.. By. this :means aoontinuousoscillationat the. same. intermediate-frequency vas that: of a. signal. from. a fixedA object, i. e., oneunaiiected by Doppler. effect, and having 'a' locked. phase-relationship .to the outgoing: pulsesisavailable as aresultant output andisfed byy .wayy of buffer. stage 62 to .the l second detector 59. At. this rsecond detecten. mixingand.v

demodulation-v of the two-inputsis efectedinthe usual way.- `andy passed to. indicating. means as before.

Figurey 5 shows vyet a further :embodiment in which 'the application off vthe Apulse transmitter output to veifect `phase-locking; -is controlled .by gate-valve Ameans.-whereby any ychosen-.part of the outegoi-ng.exploringpulse'oscillation may be used. *toV `effect locking. TheI localy reference oscillatioir'source also. operates. atfa. frequency different from that-.of transmissionand reception. In .this figurati. .denotes anormal pulse transmitter feeding an. aerial -6 2- while.8 3.,denotes thewR. Ali'..ampli-her section-.of a-fpulse receiver fcoupledzte receivingaerial- 64. VThelR.. Ffamplifier section. E3. feeds a mixer. or. frequencyI converter stage which is supplied with .the necessary local heterodyne oscillationfrom unit 66 and provides an -output at intermediate-frequency to I. F. amplifier .G'liwhich in turn feeds a demodulator unit .68. This unit 68 operates on the Homodyne principle and is accordingly supplied with a constant. local oscillation at the fundamental I. F. rfrequency 'from source 69, the resultant. demodulated output passingby way of lead 'I0 to the desiredindicating means.

The local heterodyne oscillation source 66als0 feeds a mixer unit il. to which is applied apart of the output from the transmitter 6i` under the controlof a. gate valve I2. which can be made conductive `or non-conductive by 'application4 of a suitable control voltage through lead v13 to one of its electrodese. g. the suppressor grid .in the. case ofaipentode. Such controlvoltage is timed to. open and close the. gate" valve. in synchronism with any desired instant between .the start and finish ofv each modulation pulse .supplied to the transmitter 6l whereby oscillations. from.the latter are fed momentarily. to the mixer stage 'I I. In consequence, during such momentary feeding periods the .mixer stage 'H will provide an output voscillation at I. F.' frequency which is phase-locked to both transmitter 6l. and local oscillator 6.5 and this output is fed througha buier amplifier stage 14 to provide a .phase-locking oscillation .to the. "homodyne source (i9. VWith thisarrangement detection .of Doppler-beat. frequencies will take place .in the final demodulator. stage v63 in similar manner. to that already .described in .connection with the modification of Figure 4. The above-mentioned gating control. may beeiiected `at .points other than that. described..l `It .may be. effected,- Hfor instance at the mixer stage 'l I, at the buffer .stage 'i4 or between the local oscillator 66 and themixer stage TI.

The various units referred to .above with relation to Figures 2 to 5 can beof any sutableknown form. The filter .devices used for separating the Doppler-beatcomponent subsequent tothe second' detector are conveniently of '..the.. low-pass type'having a .cut-ofi just below the pulse-recurrence frequency. This requirementmaygive rise to diiculty when high `fundamental frequencies 'of transmission and reception are used due to extension of the likely Doppler-beat frequencies abovev those practicable as pulsefrecurren'ce frequencies. In such cases an additional frequency changing stage may be provided, controllable in step by step manner by selectionof a suitable local oscillator frequency, whereby diierentsections. of a wide rangeof Doppler-beat frequencies may be .placed within the .range of the final lowpass filter.

,Suitable Homodyne detectioncircuits for use inarrangements such as that of Figure 5, are shownin Figures 6a, 6b. and 6c. In Figure 6a, thesignal. input is applied to a control grid. of

valve. Vl andthe homodyne reference oscillation to a. control grid of valve V2 each having as a. common anode load,.the primary windingof la .transformer T. The output from the secondary winding of. this transformer is rectified by diode V3 and then passed through a low-pass filter ,El .and Vthe .resultant output developed across-the load resistance It! used as already indicated. l

.Figure 6b shows a push-pull. diogd'e .circuit `in which the input' signal and homodyne "yefstance oscillations are applied respectively to the primary windings PI and P2 of two transformers TI, T2 and the rectied outputs from diodes V4, V5 fed through filter circuits F2, F3 to the input circuits of valves V6, V1 arranged asa long-tailed pair. This circuit allows D. C. connection to a video amplifier since thel D. C. component in the output due to the reference oscillation is very small.

Figure 6c illustrates anV arrangement using modulation of an electron stream. The input signal oscillation is applied to one controlling grid and the reference oscillation to another controlling grid of a heptode, hexode or pentode valve V8 and the resultant output derived from the anode circuit through a suitable filter F4. If necessary a triode-hexode or octode may be used and the oscillator portion thereof used as the reference oscillator valve.

By reference to diagram (d), (h) and (I) of Figure 1 it will be seen that the maximum output at the Doppler-beat frequency is obtained when the radial speed of the signal source is such that the pulse-recurrence period coincides with 180 phase change (or an odd multiple thereof) between the two beating frequencies. If, on the other hand, the radial speed is such that the pulse-recurrence period coincides with 360' phase change (or multiples thereof) between the two frequencies, the Doppler-beat output will be small. In order to avoid such difficulty, provision may be made for variation Of the pulserecurrence frequency. Doppler-beat frequency signals when detected by audio or tuned-reed devices will not provide information as to the range of the radially moving object while in some circumstances two or more radially moving objects may be detected simultaneously with confusing results. This may be obviated and knowledge of the range or ranges involvedobtained by the provision of means known in the art as "strobing whereby either the whole receiver or more preferably, the audio filter channel is held normally cut-off and is opened up momentarily at the end of a predetermined, and preferably adjustable, time interval after each transmitted exploring pulse. In this way the device is operative only at times corresponding to a certain chosen range and will only respond to objects at that range. By variation of the controlling means a series of ranges can be searched through an indication provided of the particular range at which a response is obtained.

- frequency of said receiver, and means for injecting said reference oscillation into said receiver to mix with echo signals at theintermediate frequency.

2. A radar system as claimed 'in claim 1 and including a filter connected to said receiver at a stage after that at which said reference oscillation is injected to filter out the Dopplerbeat frequency.

3. A radar system for the detection of moving objects employing a pulse modulated wave and utilizing the Doppler shift of frequency producedl by such movement, comprising a superheterodyne receiver to which received echo signals are adapted to be applied, an oscillator giving an output oscillation at the intermediate frequency of said receiver, ia mixer stage adapted to mix signals from the local oscillator of said receiver with said oscillation at the intermediate frequency and to give an output oscillation at the radio frequency of transmission, means for pulse modulating this radio frequency oscillation, means for transmitting the resultant pulses of radio frequency energy, means for injecting one of said oscillations into said receiver to mix with received echo signals, and a filter connected' to said receiver at a stage after that at which said oscillation is injected to filter out the Doppler beat frequency.

4. A radar system for the detection of moving objects employing a pulse modulated wave and utilizing the Doppler shift of frequency produced by such movement,A comprising a superheterodyne receiver to which received echo signals are adapted to be applied, an oscillator oscillating at the intermediate frequency of said receiver, a mixer stage adapted to mix signals from the local oscillator of said receiver with signals from said intermediate frequency oscillator and to give an output radio frequency oscillation, a transmitter arranged to generate exploring pulses under the control of said radio frequency oscillation, and means for injecting the output of said intermediate frequency oscillator into said receiver to mix with echo signals at the intermediate frequency.

` 5. A radar system for the detection of moving objects employing a pulse modulated wave and utilizing the Doppler shift of frequency produced .by such movement, having a radar transmitter adapted to transmit pulses of radio frequency energy, and having a receiver comprising an oscillator oscillating at the radio frequency of said pulsesy means for injecting said pulses into said oscillator to effect phase-locking thereof, means for deriving a reference oscillation from said oscillator, means for injecting said reference oscillation into said receiver, and a lter connected to said receiver at ya stage after that at which said reference oscillation is injected to filter out the Doppler beat frequency.

6. A radar system for the detection of moving objects and employing a pulse modulated wave and utilizing the Doppler shift of frequency produced by such movement having a radar trans- .mitter comprising a source of radio frequency pulses, a source of continuous oscillations at said radio frequency and means for transmitting said pulses, and a superheterodyne radar receiver adapted to receive echo signals received in response to the transmitted pulses and comprising a source of oscillations at the intermediate frequency, a mixer stage fed with oscillations from the local oscillator of saidsuperheterodyne receiver and with one of said other oscillations and giving an output reference oscillation, means for injecting said reference oscillation into said receiver to mix with received echo signals, and a lter connected to said receiver at a stage after that at which said reference oscillations are injected to lter out the Doppler beat frequency.

'7. A radarsystemfor the detection 'of moving robjects employing a pulse modulated wave and utilizing the Doppler shift of frequency produced 13 comprising a radio frequency oscillator giving output oscillations at the radio frequency of transmission, means for pulse modulating said radio frequency oscillations, and means for transmitting the resultant pulses of radio frequency energy; and having a superheterodyne radar receiver adapted to receive echo signals received in response to the transmitted pulses comprising a mixer stage, said. receiver including a local oscillator and also an intermediate frequency amplier, means for injecting oscillations from said local oscillator and from said radio frequency oscillator into said mixer stage whereby to obtain a reference oscillation at the intermediate frequency of said receiver, means for injecting said reference oscillation into said receiver to mix with echo signals at the intermediate frequency and a filter connected to a stage of said receiver after that at which said reference oscillation is 14 injected to lter out the Doppler beat frequency.

HARRY GRAYSON. DENIS EDWIN BRO-WN.

REFERENCES CITED The following references are of record in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS Number Name Date 2,406,316 Blumlein et al Aug. 27, 1946 2,407,198 Wolff Sept. 3, 1946 2,415,095 Varian Feb. 4, 1947 2,421,020 Earp May 27, 1947 FOREIGN PATENTS Number Country Date 111,594 Australia Oct. 3, 1940 

